Galactic Field Theory

In the history of mankind, heretofore, only 4 forces of nature have been discovered; gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force that holds protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, and the weak nuclear force responsible for radioactive decay.  Dr. Klein adds a fifth force; the galactic force.

 Dr. Klein observed that throughout the universe, stars are grouped together into galaxies, therefore Dr. Klein postulated that there exists another force on the galactic scale: The Galactic Force.  The Galactic Force has an attractive component, which hold the stars together in a galaxy (gravity and the other forces of nature are too weak at the vast distances between stars to hold stars together within a galaxy). Hence, Dr. Klein postulated another force: the galactic force. 

When there are a sufficiently large number of stars in a given area, they form a whole new organization of matter; a galaxy.  Hence, a galaxy is not merely a bunch of stars; a galaxy is an entity in itself.  Just like a cell is not just a bunch of atoms, and a person is not just a bunch of cells.  All the cells can act together as one person. So it is in space; all the stars and dark matter act together as one galaxy.

Throughout the known universe, stars form into galaxies.  Thus, the galactic force is a universal force.  Other forces that exist across the known universal include gravity, entropy, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force.  Like the other forces of nature, there is both an attractive component and a repulsive component to the galactic force for balance.  The repulsive component is why the stars throughout the universe are grouped into galaxies, but are not on top of each other.

The attractive component holds the stars together within a galaxy, and pulls nearby galaxies together within a galactic cluster. The repulsive component of the galactic force prevents all galaxies from merging into one object, and somewhat limiting the size of the galaxy.

The number of stars required to form a galaxy is usually 2 to 3 million stars   However, galaxies may be as large as several trillion stars (some, such as IC1101, may contain up to 100 trillion stars) .  The larger galaxies are often the result of mergers with smaller galaxies. 

Thus, stars and the dark matter around them combine to form a galaxy.  Hence, there is a new organization of matter on the galactic scale.  The galaxy itself generates a field—the Galactic Field.  There is one field for the whole galaxy. The field extends around the galaxy and within the galaxy.  The galactic field holds the stars and other matter within the galaxy. The field affects matter and light traveling near the galaxy.

The motion of stars in a galaxy is also complex.  The stars in the nuclear region appear to be moving in many different directions, both in and out of the plane.  Star clusters often orbit the nucleus out of plane, while stars in a spiral or elliptical galaxy follow a more elliptical orbit in the plane of the disc. 

The galactic field red-shifts light passing by or through the galaxy.  Thus, when light passes by a galaxy, the galactic field bends the path of the light, causing the light to red-shift and lose energy.  The galactic field also governs or affects the motion of the stars within a galaxy. 

The galactic field is much stronger than the gravitational field, especially at the vast distances across a galaxy (10,000 to 200,000 light years, with some as large as 4 million light years in diameter), and the millions of light years between galaxies.  At these distances, the galactic field does not drop off by the square of the distance as gravity does. The galactic force and the galactic field are a longer range and larger scale force than gravity.

Galactic nucleus

All or nearly all galaxies have a nucleus or nuclear region.  Further, a galaxy acts as an entity with and controlled by a nucleus, rather than just a bunch of individual stars.  The galactic nucleus is similar to a nucleus in an atom, or the nucleus in a cell.  Each nucleus defines a new entity, and the nucleus tends to control and define that entity.  The fact that nearly all galaxies have or develop a nucleus or nuclear region indicates that there is a new organization of matter at the galactic level.

Just like the nucleus of an atom does not follow the simple laws of gravity, the nucleus of a galaxy does not follow the simple laws of gravity.  Likewise, the nucleus of a cell does not follow the simple laws of gravity alone.  Hence, the galactic field and galactic force in the nuclear region are more complex.

Note, it is not just the central dense mass, but the entire nucleus that influences the motion and activity of the galaxy. The galactic field is stronger in and around the nucleus. 

An atomic nucleus may grow in size up to a certain point, but at some point, it is no longer stable (at the element of lead), and it may start to break down.  This may also be true of a galactic nucleus.  The galactic nucleus may continue to grow, but it may start to break down.  It may continue growing and even merging with other galactic nuclei, but it won’t be as stable and it may emit large amounts of matter and energy into space.  The Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy are both large galaxies, with (about one trillion solar masses each) with a large nucleus, but they may be starting to break down, with a violent active core.  Nonetheless, they can still gain mass and merge with other galaxies. 

The Milky Way is currently merging with a smaller galaxy.  The Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxies are currently moving toward each other.  They may even collide and possibly merge some day.     

Most galactic nuclei appear very bright with a much higher stellar density than outside the nucleus, in the galactic plane, and the outer regions of the galaxy.  The density of matter in the nuclear region is several hundred times greater than the density of matter in other regions of the galaxy.  The nucleus often has some of the largest stars in the galaxy.  The nucleus is often more spherical in shape and much thicker than the plane of the galaxy. The nucleus may contain many millions of even billions of stars.

Since a galaxy is not infinite in size, the galactic field, like the strong nuclear field, has a peak.  This is why galaxies have a nucleus (like the nuclear force), and why most galaxies exist within a certain size range.

Galactic center

The center or central region of the galactic nucleus is usually an extremely dense region.   It is perhaps the oldest region of the galaxy and may be the remains of a collapsed star or stars.  The center may be a black hole, several black holes. neutron stars, a very large star or stars, or an entity that we have not yet discovered or do not yet understand.  Smaller galaxies may not have as dense or as old a central region. 

The galactic center in a large galaxy may be very old.  Because of the many mergers with smaller galaxies, each merger taking probably 2 to 5 billion years or more, a large galaxy is probably over 100 billion years old, and may be as much as a trillion years old.  Note, the central region is part of the nucleus.  Whether it is one object or many objects packed together at the center, the entire nucleus acts as one to influence and control the galaxy.  This is similar to brain in a human or animal, which is composed of many cells, but acts as one to control the organism. 

The exact composition and nature of the central region of the nucleus that is surrounded by stars may not be known for certain until we send a probe to the center of our galaxy or other galaxies.  A black hole by definition is so dense that no light or other energy escapes its surface.  The nucleus of most galaxies is very bright due to the high density of stars.  Thus, we cannot directly observe a black hole. There may be a black hole or other dense objects inside the nucleus, we cannot know for sure unless we send something like a probe much closer.

For example, based on observation by telescope, Pluto was thought for many years to be about the size of Mercury.  Upon closer inspection, Pluto was found to be two objects: a very small planet with a very small moon revolving around it, rather than one object.  Thus, Pluto was actually much smaller and had  much less mass than thought for many years.  Likewise, it may be very difficult to determine the exact nature of objects at the center of our galaxy over 25,000 light years away, or objects at the center of other galaxies millions to billions of light years away until we send probes much closer.

Galactic Formation

Galaxies form when there is a sufficient number of stars in a region of space for the galactic field to pull them together and organize them into a galaxy.  The galactic field also pulls in other matter, including gas and dust, allowing new stars to form. A galaxy can form when there are only a few million stars.  The galaxy can grow by gaining matter and new stars.  It can also grow by colliding and merging with other galaxies. 

The galactic field has a strong attractive component.  However, the galactic field has a peak, which is probably around one to several trillion stars. 

Elliptical Galaxies

Galaxies are classified by their shape, size, and color.  Galactic shapes include elliptical, spiral, lenticular and irregular.  Elliptical galaxies are the most common.  They span from small elliptical galaxies of a few million stars up to large spherical galaxies of a trillion stars or more.  Thus, it is most common for a galactic field to be in the shape of an ellipsoid.

In a more nearly disc-shaped elliptical galaxy, the galactic field is stronger in the galactic plane. The dwarf elliptical galaxies often lie in regions between larger galaxies.

The largest elliptical galaxies are almost always spherical in shape, and lie at or near the center of a galactic cluster.  The largest elliptical galaxies have little gas or dust, so there is very little new star formation.  The new stars forming could flatten out the galaxy to a disc shape.  Thus, the largest elliptical galaxies have mostly red and yellow stars.

Spiral Galaxies

Roughly 25 to 30 % of the galaxies that we observe are spirals.  Spiral galaxies have a spherical nucleus, consisting mostly of old red and yellow stars.  Stars occur throughout the disc, but the brightest blue and white stars occur only in the spiral arms.  The vast majority of stars lie within the galactic plane.

The stars in a spiral galaxy rotate once every few hundred million years.   Stars farther out take longer to make an orbit than those closer to the nucleus.  Stars in the disc follow elliptical, and nearly circular orbits in the galactic plane.  Stars in the nucleus or hub follow irregular orbits, often out of plane at many different angles.  Thus, the motion of the stars in the nuclear region is more complex. 

The spiral arms appear to be due to a density wave—resulting in new star formation on the arms in rotating regions. 

The galactic field is stronger in the nuclear region in spiral and elliptical galaxies.  The overall galactic field in a spiral or elliptical galaxy is an ellipsoid.   The galactic field in a spiral is stronger along the plane of the galaxy.  The galactic field is also stronger along the lines of force of the spiral arms.

Lenticular galaxies

Lenticular galaxies are flat and disc-shaped like spiral galaxies, but lenticular galaxies have no spiral arms.  They have a large nucleus of old red and yellow stars.  Star motion and orbits in the nucleus have no specific direction or plane, moving in and out of of plane, similar to the nuclear motin in an elliptical and spiral galaxy.  Lenticular galaxies may be flat elliptical galaxies starting to become a spiral, but lack sufficient gas and dust.  The galactic field of a Lenticular galaxy is an ellipsoid. 

Irregular galaxies

Irregular galaxies are galaxies that do not fall into the categories of elliptical, spiral, or lenticular.  Irregular galaxies may be pulled out of shape by by a collision with another galaxy, or pulled or distorted in shape by the galactic field of a nearby galaxy.  Irregular galaxies may be caused by the merger of two or more galaxies.  The shape may appear irregular, especially if the merger is not complete; the two galaxies may still be organizing. 

Many irregular galaxies have a lot of gas, dust, and hot blue stars.  They are actively forming new stars (sometimes called star-bust galaxies).  Even irregular galaxies have a nucleus, which is spherical or bar-shaped.  The galactic field of an irregular galaxy is also irregular in shape.  Many small galaxies may be irregular in shape, and may be younger or newly forming galaxies.  Irregular galaxies may still be forming and may over time form into an elliptical galaxy.  Irregular galaxies may also be the result of two recently merging galaxies that have not yet completely merged. 

Galactic collisions

Throughout the known universe, we see galactic colliding with each other. These galactic collisions mean that the galaxies are often moving toward each other, and totally disproving Hubble’s Cosmic Egg or Big Bang hypothesis that all the galaxies were moving away from each other.  The galactic collisions across the known universe also indicate there is a strong attractive component to the galactic force.  Thus, two galaxies tend to be attracted toward each other.  The galactic field of one galaxy tends to attract the galactic field of a nearby galaxy. 

Galactic collisions are frequent and common.  Many irregular galaxies are the result of galactic collisions, or near collisions, where the galactic field of one galaxy pulls or distorts the galactic field of another galaxy.  Our nearest neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy, currently has two smaller galaxies that are moving toward the Andromeda and merging with it.  The Milky Way also is currently merging with a dwarf galaxy, the Canis Major dwarf galaxy.  The Milky Way engulfed or swallowed up the Canis Major galaxy.  Eventually, the Canis Major with about 1 billion stars will become part of the Milky Way.

The Sagitarius Dwarf Galaxy, about 70,000 light years from earth, is the second closest, and is also expected to merge with the Milky Way.  The large Magellanic Cloud, an irregular dwarf galaxy, is a satellite galaxy, moving slowly around the Milky Way.  Further, the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy are moving toward each other, and are estimated to collide or merge in 4 to 5 billion years. 

Ironically, although large galaxies may have up to a trillion stars or more, collisions between stars are extremely rare in a galactic collision.  Often the two galaxies merge into a single larger galaxy.  It is quite common for large galaxies to merge and engulf smaller galaxies.  Even the nuclei of the two galaxies may merge into one nucleus.  The merging galaxies may even appear to have two nuclear regions.  This is a complex phenomenon.  The two galactic fields interact with each other, often leading to new star formation. 

 The interaction and merger of two galaxies looks almost like two cells merging. This appears like a new organization of matter at the galactic level. The galactic field is a more complex field than simple attraction because two galaxies do not merely collide or crash into each other, rather they merge (with little or no stellar crashes).

Before the two galaxies actually collide, the galactic fields of each galaxy pull on the other galaxy, puling some stars, dark matter, gas, and dust into the region between them that may span hundreds of thousands of light years.  In galactic collisions, the galactic fields of the two galaxies interact first, then the discs or rim of stars, gas, and dust.  The two nuclei move toward each other and merge.  Even after the nuclei merge, the two spirals or ellipses may continue to merge and form into one.  

In a galactic collision, the two galaxies may collide, merge, or pass through each other.  Usually, they merge. 

Galactic tails and Globular clusters

Galactic tails are often faint.  They may be caused by the galactic field of one galaxy pulling some of the outlying stars of another nearby galaxy. 

Globular clusters are found in the halo of a galaxy.  They contain much more stars, and are much older and denser than the less dense open clusters, which are found in the disk of a galaxy.  The stars in a globular cluster are estimated to be 11 to 13 billion years old.  Their density near the center may be 100 to 1000 times greater than the density of stars in the galactic disc.

Every galaxy of sufficient mass in our Local Group has an associated group of globular clusters, and nearly every large galaxy surveyed has been found to have a system of globular clusters.  The Sagittarius Dwarf galaxy, and the  Canis Major Dwarf galaxy appear to be in the process of donating their globular clusters to the Milky Way. Hence, many globular clusters might have been acquired by large galaxies during the large galaxy’s merger with a smaller galaxy in the past.

Somehow, the galactic field, or the galaxy’s nuclear field, is keeping these dense massive globular clusters of stars in the halo and outside the nucleus or the disc of the galaxy.  Thus, the galactic field or galactic nuclear field is not merely attractive; there is a repulsive component which is keeping these dense massive clusters out of the nucleus or disc of the galaxy.  This may because these dense star clusters may be disruptive in the disc or too close to the nucleus.

Active galaxies

Active galaxies emit large amounts of energy in space near the galactic center.  There are several theories as to why and how this occurs.  One possible cause is that the galaxy is so large, it may start to become unstable, pulling matter and energy toward the galactic center, and emitting matter and/or energy into space.  This may be due to the repulsive component to the galactic force. 

In an atom, the strong nuclear force is attractive, holding the protons and neutrons together in an atomic nucleus.  Meanwhile, the weak nuclear force is repulsive, responsible for nuclear decay.  Likewise, the strong galactic force is attractive holding the stars together in a galactic nucleus.  The repulsive component of the galactic force may be responsible for ejecting matter and energy from the galactic nucleus into space. 

Another theory is that the galactic center is very dense and very hot—attracting nearby matter, consuming the matter, and emitting the excess matter and energy from the reaction into space.

Galactic Field Red-shifts Light

The galactic field bends light passing near or through the galaxy.  Einstein’s Theory of Relativity predicted that light passing near a star would be bent and red-shifted by the star’s gravitational field. Gravitational red-shifting has been confirmed by experiment. Klein’s  Galactic Field Theory predicts that a galactic field will exert a large bending and large red-shifting of light passing near or through a galaxy.  Galactic red-shifting of light has been confirmed by experiment by AT&T labs.

Astronomers track the movement of galaxies.  They see more evidence of force that seems proportional to the amount of mass that can be explained by gravity alone by a factor of 6 (Exploring Space , Kawrence Goodrich, editor, p153, 2010).  The additional force is due to the galactic force or galactic field. The galactic field will be stronger than the individual stars that comprise it.  There is dark matter too.  Also, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.  The galactic field for the entire galaxy is greater than the sum of the individual gravitational fields of the stars within the galaxy.

 For example, a cell with a nucleus is more than just a bunch of atoms.  A human being with a brain is more than just a bunch of cells.  Hence, a galactic field may red-shift light more than the gravitational red-shifting from the individual stars alone.  

Hubble observed that light from all the galaxies is red-shifted.  He further observed that the galaxies that appeared farther away appeared to be red-shifted more.  Hubble mistakenly assumed the red-shifting was due to recession, predicting all the galaxies were moving away from the earth, and all galaxies were moving away from each other.  This is totally false because we see many galactic collisions and  mergers, so galaxies are actually moving toward each other, not away from each other as Hubble predicted.  Hubble did not realize there were other causes of red-shifting. Hubble did not read or understand Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.  In his General Theory of Relativity, Einstein stated that Gravitational fields can red-shift light.

Hubble went on to use linear extrapolation backward in time to predict a time all the galaxies were in one iny place smaller than a pinhead.  He predicted this beginning time at time at 2 billion years ago.  This is absurd, since the earth is older than that.  As pointed out in Klein’s Cumulative Field Theory (see See Cumulative Field Theory), the universe is infinite, so the amount of matter is infinite, and the amount of energy is infinite, so it is mathematically and physically impossible to compress an infinite universe into a finite space (such as a pinhead).

Based on Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity,  the more correct cause is that light from distant galaxies is red-shifted by the gravitational fields and also the galactic fields of the interim matter in space.  Some earlier astronomers  discounted this, but did this incorrectly.  They significantly underestimated the amount of dark matter in space, which also red-shifts the light in a cumulative manner.  Further, they did not take into account that a galactic field is much stronger that a gravitational field, which Is stated above in this Galactic Field Theory. 

Further, some earlier astronomers underestimated both the size of the galaxies, and the number of galaxies.  For example, earlier estimates had the Milky Way containing 100 billion stars;  it is currently estimated to have 400 billion to a trillion stars.  They were off by a factor of ten.  Hence, it is the interim dark matter in space, the interim stars, and the interim galaxies themselves that bend and red-shift light from a distant galaxy.  As the light passes by these interim matter, stars and galaxies on its way to the earth, the light is red-shifted in a cumulative manner, with the individual red-shifts adding to each other.

The smaller galaxies are harder to see, and were underestimated by earlier astronomers.  However, these smaller galaxies can exert a significant red-shift on light passing near or through the galaxy.  The farther away the galaxy G, the more stars there are between Galaxy G and the earth, the more dark matter there is between Galaxy G and the earth, and the more other galaxies there are between galaxy G and the earth.  The total red-shift is equal to the sum of the individual red-shifts, so the farther away the galaxy, the greater the total red-shift, which agrees with observation.  Hence, the red-shifting of light from distant galaxies is not due to recession, it is due to the sum of the red-shifting from the interim stars, the interim dark matter, and the interim galaxies on the light.

Galactic clusters

The galactic fields of different galaxies interact with each other in a galactic cluster. The galactic fields of two galaxies are primarily attractive in nature, pulling the galaxies toward each other. The attractive component of the galactic field may pull as many as 5,000 to 50,000 galaxies together in a galactic cluster.  However, there is a repulsive component to the galactic field.  This repulsive component keeps the individual galaxies from all merging into one.  Thus, there are clusters of galaxies, not just one huge galaxy.  A large elliptical or large spiral galaxy lies at or near the center of the galactic cluster.

The galactic field is much stronger than the gravitational field, especially at large distances.  The galactic field does not diminish by r² (the square of the distance).  The gravitational field is too weak at the vast distances between galaxies to hold the galaxies together is a galactic cluster. Thus, the galactic field may still be strong at the many millions of light years between galaxies to hold the galaxies within a galactic cluster.  

The galaxies are constantly moving within a galactic cluster. Galactic clusters are constantly evolving. The largest galaxy in the cluster, usually a spherical elliptical is at the center of the cluster.  The galaxies within the cluster go whirling around the center of mass of the cluster with no particular order, moving in all different directions and orientations.   The most massive galaxies sink toward the center of the cluster.

The universe is infinite, and everything in it is part of something bigger.  Stars are held together in galaxies.  Galaxies group together in clusters, and clusters group into superclusters.

Key words: fifth force, galactic force, galactic field theory